A Validated Multi-Level Human Capital Framework for 4IR-Enabled Innovation Within the WEF Nexus

There has been an increasing need to manage the water, energy, and food (WEF) Nexus in an integrated and sustainable way using Industry 4.0 (4IR) technologies. While 4IR technologies can significantly improve resource management and sustainability in the Nexus, their uptake across the WEF Nexus has been uneven due to institutional fragmentation and limited digital capability. This study assessed a multi-level human capital framework developed to facilitate the structured integration of 4IR technologies into the WEF Nexus. The study leveraged human capital theory and Strategic Human Resource Management to frame capability development as a multi-level process. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, initially surveying 262 professionals in the WEF Nexus to assess essential skill capabilities. This was followed by a two-round Delphi procedure involving 12 experts to refine and validate the multi-level framework. The findings reveal that digital transformation in the WEF Nexus is dependent on the synchronisation of national policy frameworks, organisational learning cultures, and individual skill sets. These levels do not work as separate enablers; instead, they work together as an integrated capacity ecosystem in which misalignment at any point will hinder the effective integration of 4IR technologies. The validated framework provides a systematic approach to understanding the interplay of human capital processes within socio-technical systems and provides a structured approach for designing comprehensive strategies that strengthen digital readiness across sectors. The study advocates for a system-embedded human capital (SEHC) approach and contributes to ongoing discussions on innovation in the public sector by highlighting the systemic nature of human capital development in sustainability- and resource-critical sectors.