A review of extraction, analytical, and advanced methods for the determination of neonicotinoid insecticides in environmental water matrices

Neonicotinoid insecticides are widely used to kill and prevent unwanted insects from attacking growing crops. Extensive use of insecticides in various compartments of the environment has led to adverse effect on the health of living organisms. Several analytical methodologies have been reported for extraction and quantification of neonicotinoid insecticides in various matrices. The analytical detection techniques range from traditional to modern or state of the art quantification methods. The traditional analytical techniques include gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. These methods require extensive sample pretreatment before identification, separation, and quantification of target analytes. Advanced detection techniques refer to the sensor technologies based on optical, biorecognition, molecular imprinted polymers chemical, and piezoelectric. In this review, a summary and explanation of the various traditional analytical and advanced methodologies for extraction, separation, detection, and quantification of neonicotinoid insecticides residue in water samples have been discussed.